Pain - No Redeeming Social Value :: Psychology Essays Research Papers

Pain - No Redeeming Social ValueNo bump person exemplifies the ill than in-hospital patients, trapped against their will by both doctors and physical pain. They experience a variety of negative traits, such as being self-absorbed. An splendid example of a persons self-absorption occurs in life and death situations. In life ring training, one of the first things that is taught was never to directly approach somebody who is drowning. When someone is drowning they are panicking, the pain that is inflicted on them in this instance will cause them to do anything, however irrational, in order to save their lives. If a lifeguard attempts to rescue a person who is panicking it is very likely that they will be inadvertently drowned. Another mental affliction is selfishness. When a person is experiencing a tumid amount of pain, their concern is only for making it go away, unconcerned with its consequences, even of an emotional toll on family. A situation of this type could occur at a child s birthday party, in which one of the children is hurt. His pain inspires a selfishness that prompts the parents to bring the party to a halt in order to reckon some sort of relief. Indeed, physical pain does little to ease the mind rather one becomes more tense and querulous, ready to spark like a wildfire at the slightest chance. There is no better example than the old grouch on the geriatrics ward of a sm solely town, dying from skin cancer. The lesions in his skin continue to grow and multiply, despite all the care given by the hospital staff. This great discomfort only hardened his heart, and he became more and more difficult to please. He often called upon the nurses at odd hours of the day to demand attention. When they did not come to him with whatever he wanted on command, he would throw his bedpan out into the hallway. Neither did he have a problem with defecating all over the room when they could not please him. Yet when the janitors would come in to clean up his mess, he would yell at them as if they were the cause behind all this. Even the doctors would dread their daily confrontations with him where he would blame them for all his discomfort.One can also see that being stuck in the gloomy hospital environment, surrounded by the ill and the dying, does little to help ones impatient temper when cloaked by the searing pain with little if any aid.

Comparison of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov in Crime and Punishment Essa

Comparison of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov in Crime and PunishmentIn his book Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky explores the paths of two men, Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov. These two men espouse many an(prenominal) similar problems and obstacles throughout their lives. Both commit murders and are faced with the long and mentally excruciating journey of seeking redemption. They also share many characteristics of their personalities. The reason that the outcomes of their lives are so drastically different is due to the fact that they have completely different perspectives on life.Raskolnikov is obsessed with his superman theory. He is constantly trying to prove that he is part of the 10% of extraordinary people in the world. He wants to become an eminent figure such as Napoleon. At first he believed that the murders he committed would make him part of this elite class. Once he realized that he had made mistakes during the crime he began to question his theory. After much frustration h e decided to go to the scene of the crime. This gave him a rush that made him feel invincible. He believed that this would prove if, or if not he was super. Once he realized that he wasnt part of this class, he suffered a mental breakdown. This pushed him to confess his crime to Sonya. She helped him turn out his crime and admit his guilt. The outcome of this conversation was that it helped him admit his fate.Svidrigailov contains many similar traits of that of a superman. Due to his egoc...

Essay --

Ganguly, Rajat, and Ray Taras. Understanding Ethnic Conflict The International Dimension. parvenu York Longman, 1998. Print.This book offers interesting insight on the role nationalism lay outs in the cause of violence heathen conflict. It does this by looking at the overlapping aspects of nationalism, conflict, affable cleavages, and the reaction of the international community. They also take and explain three main approaches to ethnic identities primordialist, instrumentalist, and constructivist. They then explain how the mobilization and polarizing of groups ultimately led to conflict and the goals of their prospect political movements.Samarasinghe, V. A Theme Revisited? the Impact of the Ethnic Conflict on Women and Politics. JOURNAL OF WOMEN POLITICS & POLICY 33.4 (2012) 345-64. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.This article focuses role and dissemble ethnic conflicts have on the shaping of a nations ideology towards women of the ethnic majority. It looks at the case of ethnic civil war in Sri Lanka, and more specifically that of Singhalese women. The research done in this article was primarily conducted through field work and field surveys of educated urban women. The work concludes that the ethnic conflict compel the areas ethno-religious identity as well as creating a space for its inclusion in the nations political arena. Okoye, Festus (ed ). Victims Impact of Religious and Ethnic Conflicts on Women and Children in Northern Nigeria., 2000. Print. 12 Feb. 2014.This book looks at how conflict in Nigeria has impacted women and children. It looks at the social, political, and cultural impacts of such violence at entire generations of Nigerian people. It looks at the the potential future impact on the countries development,... ... challenge the patriarchal hierarchy of society where women and girls were subordinate to their male counterparts. Therefore, this article reflects on how gender is impact in post-conflict interventions.Lives Blown Apart Crimes against W omen in Times of Conflict, Stop Violence against Women. London Amnesty International, International Secretariat, 2004. Print.This book looks at specific cases of violence and questions not only why these acts happened, but what can be done to prevent further violence. The book maintains that government and media play a role in twain creating and ending such atrocities. It explores the ways in which sexual acts of violence impact women and their society at large. The book seeks to explain how the long-lasting impact of such events play an active part in the rebuilding of society, and how this impacts all levels of the culture.

Poverty and Disease :: essays research papers

Nearly 50,000 slew, including 30,000 children, die each day due to poverty-related problems and preventable illness in developing Countries. That doesnt accommodate the other millions of people who are infected with AIDS and other incurable unsoundnesss. Especially those animated in Sub-Saharan Africa (70%), or the Third-World, and enchantment we fight to name and address our homework, children in Africa fight to survive without food, or clean water. During the next few paragraphs I will give proof that poverty and disease are the dickens greatest challenges facing under developed countries. Niger and Sierra Leone, the two poorest countries in the world only have a GDP of most 500 dollars per capita. Which, compared to Canadas 27,000 dollars per capita, is considerably low. In the 48 poorest countries, an average of 2$ a day is made by each working person. Imagine living off 2$ a day in Canada, you couldnt even buy a Big Mac and a drink for 2$. This is fashioning st arvation a very serious problem in 3rd-world countries, non to mention their low immune systems, used for preventing disease, not working right from the overleap of nutrition.After the smallpox pandemic, science has done a lot to cure and control most other outbreaks of diseases. But with the shortage of healthcare and medication in the developing regions, what is in that location to stop many diseases from spreading. In Kenya, there is only 1 doctor for over 5000 people. How does 1 doctor make sure 5000 people are not in trouble with a live-threatening disease? The AIDS virus is the most common disease, and with no cure, an infected person will die. It is estimated that 90 to 95 portion of AIDS infections occur in developing countries where the worlds worst living conditions exist.After being brought up to date with the received situation in the under developed part of the world there should be good reason to believe that the two main problems are disease and poverty.Pov erty and Disease essays research papersNearly 50,000 people, including 30,000 children, die each day due to poverty-related problems and preventable disease in underdeveloped Countries. That doesnt include the other millions of people who are infected with AIDS and other incurable diseases. Especially those living in Sub-Saharan Africa (70%), or the Third-World, and while we fight to finish our homework, children in Africa fight to survive without food, or clean water. During the next few paragraphs I will give proof that poverty and disease are the two greatest challenges facing under developed countries. Niger and Sierra Leone, the two poorest countries in the world only have a GDP of around 500 dollars per capita. Which, compared to Canadas 27,000 dollars per capita, is considerably low. In the 48 poorest countries, an average of 2$ a day is made by each working person. Imagine living off 2$ a day in Canada, you couldnt even buy a Big Mac and a drink for 2$. This is ma king starvation a very serious problem in 3rd-world countries, not to mention their low immune systems, used for preventing disease, not working right from the lack of nutrition.After the smallpox pandemic, science has done a lot to cure and control most other outbreaks of diseases. But with the shortage of healthcare and medication in the developing regions, what is there to stop many diseases from spreading. In Kenya, there is only 1 doctor for over 5000 people. How does 1 doctor make sure 5000 people are not in trouble with a live-threatening disease? The AIDS virus is the most common disease, and with no cure, an infected person will die. It is estimated that 90 to 95 percent of AIDS infections occur in developing countries where the worlds worst living conditions exist.After being brought up to date with the current situation in the under developed part of the world there should be good reason to believe that the two main problems are disease and poverty.

Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism Essay -- Education Teaching

Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism The field of study that I chose to go into is Elementary Education. For the past two summers, I countenance participated in the AmeriCorps Energy Express program and I can honestly say the experiences I have with this program are very enlightening and blue-chip to my ideas and conceptions about being an educator. Through Energy Express, I came up with my own theory. Any mind seeks to always place its limits and boundaries around that which they do not amply understand. It seems that all concepts and ideas must be placed in this little box for all others to comprehend and follow. The same holds true for philosophies of education. There are countless amount of ways that educators go about teaching their students, however, vi have been singled out and dissected to death. Along with most other education majors pertaining to their philosophies, I as well cannot seem to find one single one to encompass all of my beliefs and desires that I hold for teaching my future students. However, holding true to my assigned lying-in, it appears that of the six major philosophies, I more closely agree with and can relate to those of Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism. The traditional family as we know it, over the years, has taken numerous setbacks resulting in many children and young adults entering life and school with a very unstable foundation. People ask, By whose morals and values are you waiver to teach these students? Despite todays beliefs, there are necessary morals and values out there that everyone should observe. Whether people are offended or not, the qualities that I will teach have in the past and still today proven worthy by building strong families, communities,... ...ssibilities, because I do not want to hold back or restrict any opportunities that may come my way. Once I have settled into my teaching career, I plan to further my education by going for my wins degree in education. T he only reason I see myself going for my masters degree is the increased competition, many educators have already or are in the process of getting theirs. I believe that once I set my standards for teaching, I will let no further education make me feel as if I am above my students. In rig for them to learn, I can never be above them. Teaching is the simple task of transmitting ones knowledge to another. What I can do as a teacher is to help my students to leave knowing that anything can be learned, and anything can be accomplished. If the desire to learn and work for something is evident, any task can be challenged and overcome.

Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism Essay -- Education Teaching

Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism The field of study that I chose to go into is Elementary Education. For the past two summers, I have participated in the AmeriCorps susceptibility Express program and I whoremonger honestly say the experiences I have with this program are very enlightening and valuable to my ideas and conceptions about universe an educator. Through Energy Express, I came up with my own theory. Any mind seeks to always place its limits and boundaries around that which they do not fully understand. It seems that all concepts and ideas essential be placed in this little box for all others to comprehend and follow. The same holds true for philosophies of education. There are countless numbers of ways that educators go about teaching their students, however, six have been singled out and dissected to death. Along with most other education majors pertaining to their philosophies, I too cannot seem to come upon one single one to encompass all of my b eliefs and desires that I hold for teaching my future students. However, holding true to my assigned task, it appears that of the six major philosophies, I more closely agree with and can relate to those of Essentialism and Social Reconstructionism. The traditional family as we know it, over the years, has taken numerous setbacks resulting in many children and early days adults entering life and school with a very unstable foundation. People ask, By whose morals and values are you going to teach these students? notwithstanding todays beliefs, there are necessary morals and values out there that everyone should observe. Whether people are offended or not, the qualities that I forget teach have in the past and still today proven worthy by building strong families, communities,... ...ssibilities, because I do not motivation to hold back or restrict any opportunities that may come my way. Once I have settled into my teaching career, I plan to get along my education by g oing for my masters phase in education. The only reason I see myself going for my masters degree is the increased competition, many educators have already or are in the process of getting theirs. I believe that once I set my standards for teaching, I will let no further education make me feel as if I am above my students. In order for them to learn, I can never be above them. Teaching is the simple task of transmitting ones knowledge to another. What I can do as a teacher is to help my students to leave knowing that anything can be learned, and anything can be accomplished. If the desire to learn and work for something is evident, any task can be challenged and overcome.

Electronic assignment coversheet Essay

Except where indicated, the ca-ca I am submitting in this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted for assessment in another(prenominal) unit.This submission complies with Murdoch Universitys academic integrity commitments. I am aware that randomness about plagiarism and associated penalties locoweed be found at http//www.murdoch.edu.au/teach/plagiarism/. If Ihave whatsoever doubts or queries about this, I am further aware that I back cont chip my Unit Coordinator prior to submitting the assignment.I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another academic staff member and/or submit a copy of this assignment to a plagiarism-checking service. This web-based service may retain a copy of this work for the sole purpose of subsequent plagiarism checking, but has a legal agreement with the University that it will not share or reproduce it in whatever form.I have ret ained a copy of this assignment.I will retain a copy of the notification of receipt of this assignment. If you have not genuine a receipt within three days, please check with your Unit Coordinator.I am aware that I am making this declaration by submitting this document electronic aloney and by using my Murdoch ID and password it is deemed equivalent to executing this declaration with my written signature. Optional Comments to TutorE.g. If this is a aggroup assignment, list group members hereMBS502 Trimester 1 2011/2012Assignment problemIn January 2008, three good friends, Joe, Moe, and shmuck retired from academia. Each is an expert in different areas of financial management, investment system and retirement planning. They decided to scrawl a financial advisory service in uptown Boyup Brook. Joe contributed $100,000, Moe contributed $50,000 and Shmo contributed $200,000 to establish the service.They also borrow another $50,000 from Joes wife, Flo. The loan was to be repaid by g iving her the first $10,000 of the profits make each year. It was also concord that Flo would be the office manager on a salary of $45,000 per annum. They bought an appropriate building in Boyup Brookand, with the money left over, they built an extension/granny flat in which Shmo lives. Joe, Moe and Shmo agreed that all(a) major decisions relating to the management of the service would require all three to agree.The day to day management of the office was to be left to Flo. Boyup Brook has a large and growing population of retired farmers and public servants who are always link uped about the health of their retirement nest eggs. Joe, after discussions with Moe, Shmo and Flo, registered the business name, The specie Doctors because he believed they work with surgical precision when it comes to financial decision making. Business cards were duly printed and ties were designed with a pattern of dollar signs. In the new-made past the following incidents occurred or were discovered. 1 Joe, Moe and Shmo had, earlier this year, discussed ways to improve the services they provided to clients.One of the key areas they identified was their computer system and net profit access. They agreed that an investment of up to $10,000 was appropriate and affordable in the current financial climate. While on a recent visit to Perth, Shmo attend the Perth International Education Expo. While there he encountered an old friend from his academic career, Elmo, who was also retired and was now an agent for Educational Computer Operators (ECO). Shmo told Elmo all about his exciting life in Boyup Brook and about the service he operated with their mutual friends, Joe and Moe.The computer industry had, apparently, also been hard hit by the economic crisis and Shmo sensed that a bargain could be obtained. Shmo ordered 4 computers, a new server and a 24 month broadband satellite internet service. The total cost was $20,000. As part of the deal, for signing up at the Expo, Shmo was giv en $100 worth of beano tickets.As luck would have it, one of these tickets won a share of the first division prize of $1,000,000. When the computer system arrived with the invoice demanding immediate payment, Flo knew cipher about it and Shmo was unavailable as he was on holiday in the Bahamas.2 The service had a client, Mrs. McTavish, the widow of a prosperous farmer. always one for a safe investment, Mrs. McTavish only accepted advise relating to Blue Chip shares and investments and normally only dealt with Shmo.However, as a result of the recent man economic meltdown and the harrowing stories seen on a Current Affair on TV, Mrs. McTavish was growingvery concerned about the health of her investments and how to make up for capital losses. Moe, in Shmos absence, sensed an opportunity and recommended to Mrs. McTavish that she invest in a caller-up called Southern Land Opportunities (SLO) and to finance this investment by selling $1,000,000 worth of Commonwealth Bank and Telstra shares. Mrs. McTavish had always allowed Shmo to take care of the details of selling and sellring money to the appropriate accounts and investments.This company, SLO, was one which Moe had established with his modish friend, Poe. It had no other share capital, no bank account and had not carried on any business. Within a week of the transaction, Moe had disappeared and no trace can be found of him or Mrs. McTavishs money. Mrs. McTavish has already employed one of Perths biggest constabulary homes and has brought an action against The Money Doctors.Using only Partnership law of nature as it exists in Western Australia, answer the following 1 Is The Money Doctors a spouseship, and if so, who are the partners? 2 Who is liable for the contract with ECO?3 Who is liable to Mrs. McTavish? psyche one,The Money Doctors is a partnership by the definition as this activity covered by all four parameters by the partnership as on a lower floor and also according to following rule of Weste rn Australian Law Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in parking lot with a view of profit. Partnership telephone number (WA) 1895 S/7 (1) Also the four element of partnership has been carried out,Agreement, as all parties agreed to, start a financial advisory service, pay certain amount as initial investment, purchase a building, lend money from a third party. As result there was a conducive agreement among the partners.Business being carried out, according to the mentioned cases the business being carried out and the case of Mrs. MC Tavish and her previous experiences and the made authority in time with Shmo is the strong evidence of having business carried out. In common, all the parties have agreed to makemajor decision in concert by having all parties opinion and also they have chosen a name, business card and USD sign on their ties for the partnership together based on common understanding. View of profit, in return of the lend money all parties agreed to pay $ 10,000 each from the profits which shows the partners had a view of profit.Question two,IRACIssues,Whether all the partners were agreed to invest and improve the services provided to client by improving computer systems? Does Shmo have the ascendancy to purchase $20K worth of computer equipment? How ECO dealt with Shmo?Were there enough evidences of apparent authority from ECO to accept the deal? Whether if all the partners are liable to pay against Shmos commitment?Rule of law, both partner is collectively liable for any pique of contract only one right of action against all the partners. (Partnership Act 1895) S16 WA The case of outlook Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd 1971 2 QB 711 By deification and based on four elements of partnership it is clear there is a partnership and according to above mentioned law (Partnership Act 1895) S16 WA Shmu has the apparent authority to act on behalf of the home.The case of 19 71 2 QB 711 court has held as the secretory had apparent authority to act on behalf of the company so the company is liable against the made commitment.Application,As Shmo was playacting on behalf of all parties carrying the business cards and wearing the tie with company logo he was having apparent authority to act on behalf of the firm even though the partners agreed to certain level of investment it doesnt concern the second parties and the made commitments.The rules of Law which needed to be considered in this case is section 16 of Western Australian low Every partner is jointly liable for any intermit of contract only one right of action against all the partners. (Partnership Act 1895) S16 WA. The case is very similar to The case of setting Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd 1971 (2 QB 711) which the secretory hired a luxury car for personal use and court held that the company is liable to pay for the rented car as the secretory had apparent autho rity using company facilities and previous experiences.Conclusion,Due to the apparent authority law Every partner is jointly liable for any breach of contract only one right of action against all the partners (Partnership Act 1895) S16 WA. And the case of Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd 1971 (2 QB 711 The Money Doctor has to pay for Shimo commitments as he had the apparent authority against to supplier and ordered consignment regardless of even Shmu has act over the internal agreement within the partners.Question three,IRAC,Issues,What are the firm responsibilities as Financial Advisory firm? Is the firm as Financial Advisory has the right to act and to accept money from the clients and transfer the fund? Is the established relationship between Mrs. McTavish and Shmu is based on firm responsibilities and authorities or just been made in time due to personal relationship and favored experiences.Whether if Mrs. McTavish knows Moe is involved wi th the SLO? Is there any evidence to prove how the transaction took place? Cash or bank to bank. As the SLO has no bank account wherefore McTavish should trust to transfer such amount of money to unknown account? If McTavish gave the money to Moe in cash whether she knows Moe is acting beyond his apparent and positive authority?Rules of law,There are different factors to be considered in this case, As a Financial advisor Money Doctors should not accept cash and additional to that Moe hadbreach the contract and abused McTavish trust for the sake of personal ambitions. Therefore in this case below rules of law has to be considered,Where any money or spot of a third person is received by one partner, acting within the scope of his real or apparent authority in the partnership affairs, and is misapplied by that partner, and where any money or property of a third person, being as such in the custody of the firm, is misapplied by any partner, the firm shall be liable to make good the l oss. (Partnership Act 1895) Section 18.1WA Where by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of his copartners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner in the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable therefor to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. (Partnership Act 1895) Section17.1 WAApplication,According to Western Australia, Partnership Act law 1895, and Section17/1 if money or property is received by a partner in the scope of the real or apparent authority and misapplied the firm is liable to make good the loss. And Section 18/1if by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of his copartners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner in the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable.In this case partners were agreed to establish a fi nancial advisory service to the clients and in the case of Mrs. McTavish she was allowing the Shmu to make the transactions on her behalf which is outside the authority of Financial Advisor. Based on the made trust Mrs. McTavish decided to act the same with Moe which no level of trust been made with Moe and Mrs. McTavish wherefore more information is required to make sure if Mrs. McTavish knew Moe is acting beyond his authority otherwise the rules of law (Partnership Act 1895) S18.A WA is applicable.Based on Agency law If agent acts outside his/her actual and apparent authority s/he may be liable to both TP and PR According on the given information the SLO company has no bank account therefore there is no way for Mrs. McTavish to transfer the money to bank account so the only possible way is for Moe to take the cash by himself andtransfer the money to another account.There are not enough information and evidences if Mrs. McTavish knew Moe is acting beyond his authority to refer the case to agency law as laws of Agency Law and Partnership Law can be applied in both fields. Therefore based on the actual given information and Partnership law Partnership Act 1895) Section 18.A WA and Partnership Act 1895 Section17.1 WA is applicable.Conclusion,If there were enough evidences that Mrs. McTavish did not know that Moe is acting beyond the actual or apparent authority Moe solely would be liable to Mrs. McTavish as accepting money for the transaction was out of his apparent and actual authority but there are not enough evidences therefore the firm is liable to Mrs. McTavish according to abve mentioned rules of law.References,Partnership Law (WA) Australasian Legal Information Institute http//www.austlii.com coalition operation 1895 PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895http//www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/The case of Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd 1971 2 QB 711 PARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 SECT 1616 . indebtedness of partnershttp//ww w.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s16.html(Partnership Act 1895) Section17.1 WAPARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 SECT 1717 . Liability of firm for wrongshttp//www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s17.htmlPARTNERSHIP ACT 1895 SECT 1818 . Misapplication of money or propertyhttp//www.austlii.com/au/legis/wa/consol_act//pa1895154/s18.html

Walking in Someone Else’s Shoes

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Rabbit Proof shut in by Phillip Noyce, and Martin Luther King jr.s speech I have a Dream, all explore the lesson that genus Atticus teaches Scout. The lesson of Walking in someone elses home. The metaphor of walking in someone elses habilitate indicates the understanding of a person by seeing things from his or her perspective. These three texts are set in the 20th Century, during a time of great racial inequalities and discrimination in society. To Kill a Mockingbird explores the idea walking in someone elses shoes, through the issue of racism.Rabbit Proof Fence ponders the idea walking in someone elses shoes, though the subject of impairment. I have a Dream speech by Martin Luther King Jr. examines the lesson walking in someone elses shoes, through the use of the themes, freedom and a thirst for switch over. In t the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus teaches his daughter Scout, and his son Jem, that you can kill all the blue jays you want, but remember its a sin to kill a mocking bird. The jeerer symbolises Tom Robinson, as he has done nothing wrong, yet he is slowly being destroyed by the racism shown towards him, by the white township of Maycomb.When Tom Robinson appears in court due to Mayella Ewells accusation of him raping her, Tom Robinson is not giver a fair trial. The jury is display racism as they ignore the evidence which is supporting Tom Robinson, and instead jump straight to the conclusion, which is Tom Robinson is guilty. The evil assumption that all Negroes lie, that all negroes are basically disg escapeful beings, that all negroes are not to be trusted around our women. In the film Rabbit Proof Fence one main form of prejudice is demonstrated.Mr Nevilles is prejudice towards the aboriginals, as he believes they are incompetent to care for themselves and their families. Seeing as Mr Neville is the legal guardian of all half-cast children, he sees it as his duty to separate the children from their families and situate them at Moore River to allow the nuns working at Moore River to raise these children as Christians. Mr. Neville had a plan to breed out the unwanted third race - which is the aboriginals by simply arranging for each generation of half-caste children to marry white Australians. he aboriginal has simple been bred out. The lesson of walking in someone elses shoes is important in this film because if Mr. Neville had placed himself in the situation that all the children at Moore River were in, he would have been unmistakable to him that these children are unhappy at Moore River, as well as there not being any major reason to remove the children from their family unit and habitat. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his speech, I countenance a Dream in Washington DC. Martin Luther King Jr. understands that the American nation as a whole has a thirst for change.The urgency to change for the better. Throughout the speech there is a considerable amount o f chronology used. When Martin Luther King explains how even after a long period of time after the emancipation Proclamation the only thing that has changed is that there is no longer slavery but segregation, discrimination and racism still occurs. One hundred years later, the life story of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacle of segregation and the chains of discrimination. The word freedom is repeated several times throughout the speech.The effectuate of this technique used, (anaphora) is that the key word contains much retrieveing, and repeating it emphasises and enforces the meaning and message. Let freedom ring When Martin Luther King Jr. refers to freedom, he does not only mean physically, but psychologically too. To Kill a Mockingbird, Rabbit Proof Fence, and I have a Dream speech all explore the need to turn back the lesson walking in someone elses shoes. These three texts show how there was a great disadvantage in society in the 20th Century. It is beca use of this injustice in society that there is a need to see things from another person perspective.

Importance of Literature

ENG 101 7 February 2012 Importance of Literacy Literature is a creative and imaginative type of writing. It is a source of information that leads to the manoeuver principles of life. Having the knowledge to pack literature attentively and take in it is extremely important. Literacy is non optional, it is necessary. Literature is not just reading a text but macrocosm able to reflect upon it. There are many different types and forms of literacy. Some come in forms of poems and others as dramas or films. Literacy expands towards many varieties.There are children literatures such as Winnie the Pooh and there are also more sacred types of literature such as the scripters or Holy Bible. Reading or watching literature gives a person a chance to experience different thoughts towards different situations, it opens a persons mind to imagination. Understanding literature is a sign of intelligence and knowledge. It is not always simple to understand and reflect on literacy. It is important to be open-minded when reading or watching literature.Philosopher Edmund Burke once said, Reading without reflecting, is wish eating without digesting. For all concocts philosopher Burke is one hundred percent correct. The ability to reflect on what is being told shows intelligence, it shows that you have not only read word by word, but you have read the whole piece as one. There are many mistakes that are caused by illiterate people. A perfect example of this concept is the story of a man who was responsible for the death of his son.In the essay Hunger in America, written by Richard Mitchell, score Barnhart was charged for certain criminal acts towards his sons death. Barnhart used a passage from the bible for his defense in the case. He believed that in the bible God said that no one should use any medication whatsoever. His son was sick and Barnhart refused to treat his son. His misunderstanding of what was being said cost his sons life. Being literate is extremely important . It pot affect everyone around you. Learning literacy is a task that can take a while, but it is not impossible.Reading is extremely important it is the basics in life. spirit everything requires reading words, the only thing that remains is the reflecting part. Reflecting what you have read shows that you have a clear understanding of what is being said. To be literate does not mean that a person has to read novels and books. It could be simply by reading the news paper, and article, or even a magazine or watching a film. As long as you take time to reflect on the information given and understand what is given, you can read whatever you wish to.Reading or watching literacy gives a person a chance to experience different thoughts towards different situations, it opens a persons mind to imagination. The understanding of literature brings many good things to us, each in science or entertainment. Everything that our world is built on has been based on literacy and continues to do s o. Being literate is required to humankind, it is important that we all understand obstacles and situations in life. Literacy allows us to have an idea on how different people live their lives, and it also helps us to understand the purpose in our own life.

Managerial issues in managing an organization’s IS infrastructure Essay

Managerial grapples in managing an boldnesss IS baseIntroduction An culture trunk refers to an integrated collection of components that assist in collecting, storage, and processing of entropy into meaningful tuition that is distributed to organizations in the right format for the purpose of making decisions. Organizations make use of training arrangements for the purposes of carrying out and managing their day to day operations, interacting with their customers and suppliers to give an organization an upper hand in competitive markets. Information systems are very delicate because of the sensitive information that is stored in them. For this reason, dedicated screwrs are required to restrain information systems. This paper is made to focus on managerial issues associated with managing an organizations Information system infrastructure. Some of the managerial issues include The amount of resources to manage in form of data has increased greatly. Recently, the amount of dat a macrocosm produced and processed by organizations has tremendously increased. This requires that the IS managers exercise a lot of caution when traffic with information systems because loss of this data means a big loss to the organization. For example, a companys server may contain information or so solely the business transactions done by the company with a period of more than one year. Also with the growing data stored by a pie-eyed, more skills and experience are required. The increasingly ever-changing applied science makes both hardware and packet of an organization obsolete within a very scant(p) period of eon. This means that the information system managers will keep on buying new software and hardware-this makes the sector very expensive to manage. Also the changing technology calls for continuous learning. The managers are required to go back to class and up date stamp themselves with new technologies. This is not only very inconveniencing but also time consumin g. Another managerial issue associated with managing an organizations information systems infrastructure is building of a Responsive and adaptive information system Infrastructure. Systems that reacts to different situations in different ways and also that can be easily customized to be applied in a different sector should be developed. For example, when a system module of fails, the system is expected to provide the user with information that might have caused the failure.in addition, in case of failure of the system, it should respond speedily by guiding the user on what to do. The system should also be in such a way that it adapts to changing functions and user needs. Another issue associated with managing an organizations IS infrastructure is developing and Managing Distributed Systems. Firms with many a(prenominal) branches cannot be operated as a single unit but rather as a distributed system whereby its services can be accessed anywhere. It is a challenge to manage a distri buted system and ensure that same services are available in all the branches of the blind drunk with the same ease and response. Another managerial issue in managing an organizations IS infrastructure is planning and managing communications networks. According to Watson (1997), use of technology for communication and processing information heavily depends on access to suitable external and internal communication networks. It is difficult to manage communication networks because of the many challenges associated with them. umpteen hackers target information systems communications networks and therefore managing IS infrastructure. According to Brancheau (1996), recruiting and developing information system human Resources is issue associated with managing an organizations IS infrastructure. Currently, there is a uplifted shortage of qualified information system personnel which continue to threaten the security of many firms IS infrastructure. Many people shy from information technol ogy jobs because of its demanding nature- the IS personnel are require to stay up to date with emerging technologies like communication networks, multimedia interfaces, object-based development and distributed systems. This calls for more continuous upbringing of which many people are not ready. Information system managers are also faced with the challenge of improving Information Security and Control amid the many IT security threats. With the increasing number of cyber-crime related cases, it is now a challenge for IT managers to manage the IS infrastructures with ease. This is because anytime the information system infrastructure is at a threat of being hacked (Niederman 1991). Preventative maintenance is an issue in managing an organizations Information system infrastructure. IS software and hardware has to be protected from threats. For example, up to date antivirus software is required to protect IS software and hardware from virus attack. This is expensive in both time and f inance required because the antivirus has to be kept up to date (Alavi 1999). Managing an organizations Information system infrastructure is also a challenge because the software and hardware used must adhere to the set world-wide IS industry standards such as OSI and CISCO. Developing an IS that does not conform to the set IS international standards may affect things like data flow and make the firms information system easy to hack (valacich 2014). Globalization is also an issue that affects management of organizations Information system infrastructure. The development of information systems has changed the world to a village. Globalization leads to faster spread of cybercrimes, viruses among other threats. There are many managerial issues associated with managing an organizations Information system infrastructure most of which may lead to financial loss to the organization. Issues like virus attacks and cybercrimes are very rampant and actions should be taken to solve them. A fir ms IS manager should take all the necessary actions to protect the information system infrastructure from any kind of threat.ReferencesAlavi, M., &Leidner, D. E. (1999).Knowledge management systems issues, challenges, and benefits. Communications of the AIS, 1(2es), 1.Brancheau, J. C., Janz, B. D., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1996).Key issues in information systems management 1994-95 SIM Delphi results. Mis Quarterly, 225-242.Niederman, F., Brancheau, J. C., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1991). Information systems management issues for the 1990s. MIS quarterly, 475-500.Valacich, J. S., Schneider, C., & Jessup, L. M. (2014).Information systems today managing in the digital world. Pearson.Watson, R. T., Kelly, G. G., Galliers, R. D., & Brancheau, J. C. (1997).Key issues in information systems management an international perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 91-115.Source inscription

Chemistry Essay

An increasing interest and intensive research bemuse been devoted towards understanding the chemistry of noodle liquids over the past decade. These liquids be not any new and have extensively been used in organic separation and synthesis. With renewed interest towards these liquids, researchers have started to realize novel uses of ionic liquids and now research efforts have been spread to other specialties within the umbrella of science and technology. While research into ionic liquids has been limited to the classification as mysterious compounds, other applications of ionic liquids continue to be realized such as performance additives, bioreactor applications and in the designing of pharmaceutical compounds has received increasing recognition.Ionic liquids have been thought to be viridity although noxious ionic liquids have been synthesized with ease. An example of these potentially life threatening liquids have cyanide as their sole anion and alkaloid as the anions1. Therefo re, there seems to be a misunderstanding on the nature of ionic liquids which has in many times led to the poor definition of ionic liquids. A detailed understanding will generate new insights into sustainable exploitation of ionic liquids in industrial processes. Apart from ILs being praised for being magnificent solvents, they argon alike good catalysts especially in biological systems although they take part in mellowly selective catalytic solvents2.Definition of Ionic LiquidsIonic liquids, shorten as IL comprise of a new class of solvents that is mainly composed of ions (cations and anions). They ILs are regarded to be green solvents because of their properties such as negligibility to vapor pressure, high thermostability and non-inflammability. Due to these properties, new biotechnological applications are continuously being discovered. Among the biotechnological applications of ILs which have been developed include whole cell and enzymatic catalysis. While ILs have been la beled green, the label has recently been questioned and challenged after ILs were shown to decompose as relatively low heat intensities.ILs have also been shown to express both(prenominal) toxicity levels towards microbial cells as well as higher organisms. At the same time, it is possible to modify the physicochemical properties of ILs and come up with designer solvents with unique chemical structures3. Perhaps interventions take to make ILs retain their green label could be the fine tuning so that the toxicity drawbacks are addressed. Their applications need to be broadened in order to in full maximize their benefits to man.Important properties of ILs have been investigated in order to understand this important class of solvents. However, not every ionic liquid will show exchangeable properties as other classes of solvents. The most common properties of ILs which can be presented by this class of solvents include the liquid range which is 3000C (-96-+2000C)4. ILs have also bee n shown to be excellent inorganic, organic and polymeric materials solvents. The acidic composition of ILs can generally be said to be superacids.Some ILs are highly water sensitive and thusly have to be used in dry boxes. In contrast, other ILs are highly hydrophobic (water haters) and have high air stability. ILs have also shown high thermal stability up to temperatures of 2000C. vapor pressure at room temperature has not yet been estimated and is assumed negligible. While ILs are noninflammable, it has been shown recently that some can be explosive and this raises eyebrows over the tag, green solvents.At room temperature, ILs are basically salts with heavy phosphorous or nitrogenous organic large organic cations with a linear skeleton or chain of alkyl group groups. Extensive research has been invested mainly in the imidazolium ILs especially the cations of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. The structures of these cations have also been study extensively. ILs are known to be of dua l functionality since they have both the cations and the anions. The most common anions of ILs include, the nitrates such as chlorides (Cl-) and bromides (Br-), chloroaluminates such as Al2Cl4- and Al2Cl7-, nitrates such as NO3-, tetrafluorophosphates BF6- hexafluorophosphates, PF6- and alkyl sulfates RSO4 such as ethyl sulfate C2H5SO4-.

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay

This is an important business concept and mustiness never be confused with return. The contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed costs and profit of the business once variable costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of perfect contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and only considers any surplus left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence, contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and, once these are paid, the profits of the business. Managers need to know, as accurately as possible, the cost of each product or service produced by the firm. One reason for this is the need to make a pricing decision.In fact, buyers of many products will want an estimated price or a quotation before they agree to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production should be stopped, stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the current period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product, both direct labor and direct materials are often easy to identify and allocate to each product. For instance, the materials used in making product X are allocated directly to the cost of that product. These are not the only costs involved.Overheads, or indirect costs, cannot be allocated directly to each product but must be shared between all of the items produced by a business. There is more than one cost method that can be used to handle these costs and, therefore, there may be more than one answer to the question How much does a product cost to produce? contribution costing method that only allocates direct costs to cost/profit centers not bang costs. This approach to costing solves the problem of how to apportion or divide overhead costs between products it does not apportion them at all. Inste ad, the method concentrates on two very important accounting conceptsMarginal cost is the cost of producing an unnecessary unit. This extra cost will clearly be a variable direct cost. For example, if the total cost of producing 100 units is $400 000 and the total cost of producing ci units is $400 050, the marginal cost is $50. The contribution to fixed costs and profit. This is the revenue gained from selling a product less its variable direct costs. This is not the similar as profit, which can only be calculated after overheads have also been deducted. For example, if that 101st unit with a variable (marginal) cost of $50 is interchange for $70, it has made a contribution towards fixed costs of $20. The unit contribution is found as the difference between the sale price ($70) and the extra variable cost ($50), that is $20.

Innovation

yeasty thinking REATIVITY Report produced for the EC funded project INNOREGIO dissemination of innovation and knowledge worry techniques by Dr Eleni Sefertzi J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 creative thinking 1 Contents 1 Description 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 What is Creativity Objectives of Creativity Description /structure of the methodology / preference solutions Expected results /benefits Characteristics of providers 2 Application 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Where Creativity instruction has been utilise Types of firms /organisations concerned implementation cost Conditions for implementation Implementation think account visiting carding Lotus Blossom Checklists structural Analysis Mapping Process The Excursion Technique Com launcher-based fancifulness techniques Artificial Intelligence models of original thinking Idea fermentors softw ar visual percept and graphical systems Spatial government agency tools 4 Bibliographic references extensi unmatchables Table 1 Stimulus to extend pro spect to go about a caper Table 2 Brainstorming phases Table 3 Osborns Checklist Figure 1 Lotus Blossom sample INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 1 1. 1 DESCRIPTION What is Creativity There be umteen definitions of creative thinking. A number of them suggest that creativeness is the propagation of imaginative refreshing predilections ( virginell and Shaw 1972), involving a root newness innovation or solution to a problem, and a radical reformulation of problems. opposite definitions propose that a creative solution tail end simply integrate actual knowledge in a assorted way. A third base good deal of definitions proposes that a creative solution, either new or recombined, must have value (Higgins 1999).A novel idea is not a creative idea unless it is valuable or it implies positive evaluation. Also, according to dt ogilvie (1998), imagination, which dissembles the generation of ideas not previously available as well as the generation of unalike slipway of beholding events, is important to achieve creative actions. To combine this variety of definitions, we outhouse say that creativity collects the generation of new ideas or the recombination of known elements into something new, providing valuable solutions to a problem.It to a fault involves motivation and emotion. Creativity is a fundamental feature of human intelligence in general. It is grounded in ein truthday capacities such(prenominal) as the association of ideas, reminding, perception, analogical intellection, peeping a structured problem- plaza, and reflecting self-criticism. It involves not solely a cognitive dimension (the generation of new ideas) but as well motivation and emotion, and is closely linked to ethnic context and personality factors. (Boden 1998).According to Boden (1998), there atomic number 18 three main types of creativity, involving different ways of generating the novel ideas a) The combinational creativity that involves new combinations of fam iliar ideas. b) The preliminary creativity that involves the generation of new ideas by the exploration of structured concepts. c) The transformational creativity that involves the transformation of some dimension of the structure, so that new structures suffer be generated. original thinking in a disciplined manner flowerpot play a factual section in innovation. Creativity and innovation atomic number 18 unremarkably complemental activities, since creativity generates the basis of innovation, which, in its development, raises difficulties that must be batd once again, with creativityIt is not attainable to conceive innovation without creative ideas, as these are the starting point. (European Commission 1998). Innovation results when creativity occurs indoors the right organisational culture. The right organisational culture is unitary that provides through creativity processes (creative techniques) the possibilities for the development of personal and group creativity skills.We butt define creativity IMT as the establishment of skills by implementing creativity generation techniques. 1. 2 Objectives of Creativity Main objectives of a creative thinking process is to think beyond existing boundaries, to awake curiosity, to break away from rational, conventional ideas and formalised procedures, to rely on the imagination, the divergent, the random and to consider four-fold solutions and alternatives (Candy 1997, Schlange and Juttner 1997). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 3 The result of the creative thinking process is especially important for line of descentes.Managers and managerial ends and actions, confronted with fast-changing and ambiguous environments in business, need to develop creative solutions and creative action-based strategies to solve problems, as they stand to increase understanding of problematic situations, to key quintuple problems, to produce new combinations, to generate multiple solutions that are different from the past, to consider mathematical alternatives in various situations that could occur in the future and to expand the opportunity horizon and competence base of firms (dt ogilvie 1998). . 3 Description / structure of the methodology / alternative solutions Creativity is not an innate calibre of only a few selected people. Creativity is present in everyone. It can be learned, practised and developed by the utilization of proven techniques which, enhancing and stimulating the creative abilities, ideas and creative results, help people to move out of their normal problem- result mode, to enable them to consider a wide direct of alternatives and to improve ingatheringivity and fiber of work. Creativity is thus constructed as a learned ability that enables us to define new relationships among concepts or events, which seemed seemingly unconnected before, and which results in a new entity of knowledge (European Commission 1998). Knowledge and information are the basis for cr eativity. The scientific research is recently oriented towards the development of creativity as an educational process. M whatsoever studies show that creative abilities can be developed by the implementation of creativity techniques (see Mansfield, Busse and Krepelka 1978, Parnes and Brunelle 1967, Rose and Lin 1984, Taylor 1972).Concrete creativity bread and butter techniques, including also computer-based declare tools (artificial intelligence models, computer packet harvesting idea processors, information systems, etc. ), are developed to promote and generate creativity, to break fixed ideas, to chevvy imagination, as well as to define the conditions in which creativity takes ar grasp (the creative environment or climate). Using such techniques, a companion aims to represent the employees potential of creativity into the process of performance creation (Bullinger 1999).There are numerous creative techniques, which are also classified in numerous ways (Higgins 1994). In general, a certain type of question or a certain area of industriousness (such as marketing, product or service development, strategic and decision planning, design, quality management, etc. ) often calls for a certain type or a certain group of creativity techniques. The description of some well-known and introductory techniques and their implementation procedure is presented in session 3.A classification for these techniques can be made amid analytical techniques and intuitive techniques. Analytical techniques follow a additive pattern of thought or sequence of steps, such as the 5 Ws and H technique (it asks the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how) and have better application for very specific, analytical questions (Higgins 1999). They realise different ways of organising known information and help come up problems from new angles (Miller 1987). Intuitive techniques are less structured techniques.They tend to skip steps in a sequence and tend to provide a whole a nswer all at once, such as the wishful thinking technique (based on ideal possibilities and solutions), and they are more appropriate for ill-defined questions (Higgins 1999). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 4 An separate classification can be made mingled with techniques that are more appropriate to generate creativity in individuals, and techniques, which generate creativity in groups undertaken within work groups. Improving personal creativity for individuals involves enhancing the individuals use of intuition and reducing mental blocks creativity, such as fear of failure. At the group level it requires team building and other efforts to enhance the use of group dynamics to achieve creativity and innovation (Higgins 1996). However, this classification is not strict, since many group idea generation techniques can also be apply by individuals. On the other hand, the individual and the group are two main agents that always interact in the process of creativity in busi ness and industrial innovation. Creativity is an attribute of the individual, though generally it can only be developed efficiently when it is tackled within a group of team. For this reason, most creative techniques are proposed and undertaken within the framework of specific work groups, within companies or other organisations (European Commission 1998). A third classification might be between creative techniques that rely upon divergent thinking and techniques that rely upon convergent thinking. divergent thinking is the generation and the free flow of ideas and it demands considerable discipline, which is aided by the introduction of rigorous techniques forcing divergence toward many alternatives. Convergent thinking, on the contrast, demands techniques of filtering and focus to identify the ideas that have a truly innovative value, to converge on an acceptable solution (Hall 1996). Divergent and convergent thinking are complementary configurations of a procedure, since diverge nce helps forcing towards many alternatives and possible options before overlap on an appropriate solution.Fundamental concepts for all creative techniques are The suspension of premature judgement and the lack of filtering of ideas. Use the intermediate impossible. Create analogies and metaphors, through symbols, etc. , by determination similarities between the situation, which we wish to understand and other situation, which we already understand. Build imaginative and ideal situations (invent the ideal vision). Find ways to make the ideal vision happen. Relate things or ideas which were previously unrelated. Generate multiple solutions to a problem.Main points to increase or encourage creativity in a company are to be happy, to have fun keep channels of conversation open trust, failure accepted contacts with foreign sources of information independence, initiatives taken support participatory decision-making and employees contribution experiment with new ideas 1. 4 Expected results / benefits Creativity, through the generation of ideas with value, is needed in govern to solve concrete problems, ease the adaptation to change, optimise the performance of the organisation and best practice manufacturing, and change the markment of the faculty of theINNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 5 organisation. fictive thought processes are also important at all stages in the R&D process. Some judge results of the creativity process are innovation through new product and process ideas continuous improvement of products or services productivity increase expertness rapidity flexibility quality of products or services high performance 1. 5 Characteristics of providers The implementation of creative techniques within work groups, requires the assistance and advise of away advisors.One or two consultants, experts in creative techniques, is normally enough to undertake the implementation process in a company. His/hers job normally consi sts of presenting the different techniques and their application method, defining the problem to be studied for the participants, initiating and clarifying the rules of the technique, gathering the necessary data and information to approach the problem, stimulating the generation of ideas of participants, and evaluating the ideas before proceeding to put them in practice.Training of management staff by experts may also be very notionive. Management staff must be trained to contract creativity in employees, to provide motivation, to facilitate a creative climate and to encourage the use of creative techniques. Managers can also be trained to implement creative techniques by themselves. 2 APPLICATION Creativity processes are employ regularly by many private and public sector organisations of all sorts in manufacturing, services, banking, or construction companies.Big firms such as Xerox, AT&T, Frito-Lay, as well as car manufacturing firms, software development firms, railroad pha rmaceutical firms etc. , use creativity techniques to increase efficiency and quality, especially in their research, strategic planning and marketing departments. Small firms and innovative R&D organisations, such as biotechnology companies (Arlington 1997), are also becoming to implement creative techniques in order to solve problems and to improve the use of skills, techniques and processes.Creativity techniques may be applied in almost any functional area of the company strategic planning, corporate business strategy, product development, improvement of services, functional strategy, finance, human resources, marketing, management of collection of information, product design, software design, quality management, etc. 2. 1 Where Creativity development has been applied INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 6 Nearly all innovation management techniques that can be applied in companies (BPR, benchmarking, TQM, MRP II, employee involvement, marketing of innovation, etc. require also the implementation of creativity techniques. For example, in the Innovation Programme of DG XII of European Commission, besides other innovation management techniques, creativity techniques have been applied in the following IMT projects (see European Commission 1998) -INVENT (Pro. 006) Implementation of a Method for Targeted Economic-Oriented Research in SME pattern Management. IMPACQT (Pro. 008) PARTNERS (Pro 010) Promotion of Innovation Management Techniques in the field of Sub-Contracting. IDEAS (PRO 017 Integrated Product Development Expertise Applied to SMEs. PRIISME (Pro 029) Promoting of IMTs in ISRAELI SMEs. Programme to Create pertly Activities in SMEs (Pro 045). MARKPRO (Pro 050) Implementation of Market Oriented Product Innovation in Danish SMEs 2. 2 Types of firms / organisations concerned Creativity techniques can be implemented by all firms and public organisations that confront with problem solving and focus on innovation in processes, products or se rvices.In case where the implementation of creative techniques is focused on the support of personal creativity, such as to support individual designers work for new product development, or to support individual scientists work in the laboratory, very small firms or a person can implement creative techniques for individuals. In case where the company focus is to increase group creativity and to bring out environments where a collaborating team work creatively together, the firm must have at least 20 employees, including 3 members as management staff. 2. 3 Implementation costThe application of creativity techniques is a continuum process. Sessions of creativity within work groups normally take place at company facilities during normal hours and working conditions. The implementation of a creative technique includes the following costs The fee of an impertinent consultant for 4-7 days work for undertaking a session of creativity (preparation, application, evaluation). The cost of software packages developed for personal computers or workstations (if necessary). Hardware and equipment must permit to deal with network communications. Training cost (2-4 days) (if necessary). Cost from 3000 to 7000 Euro. 2. 4 Conditions for implementation Concerning the implementation of creative techniques, some of them are cushy to apply, while others need some infrastructure, experts, work teams, training, collection of INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 7 information, resources, etc. In this case, the assistance of an external consultant is required. Besides the support of external consultants, the company itself must encourage creative environment.This implies the participation of all workers in the concerns of the company, and an open and flexible attitude on the part of management. According to Higgins (1999) factors to encouraging the creative work climate are A secure environment with minimal administrative interference. An organisational culture that makes it attractive and easy for people to discover and solve problems. Rewards for employee performance and enhancement of intrinsic motivation. Managerial willingness to take risks for creativity and innovation, as well as an open and flexible attitude on the part of management. Providing people with formal and informal training to enhance creativity. Important conditions for implementation of creative techniques within work groups in a company are also the existence of well-trained human resources, a clear strategic definition of the company and to focus on the core competencies of the company (European Commission 1998). For solving complex problems requiring input by many areas, i. e. marketing, engineering, design, the company would preferably be one employing multidisciplinary teams. 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDUREAs mentioned before, there is numerous creativity supporting techniques. The description, in an illustrative manner, of some well-known creative techniques for problem solvin g will be presented here. See also Annex, Table 1, the use of some stimulus that can extend perspectives to approach a problem. Brainstorming This is one of the best known and most used in the business world group based creativity process for problem solving. It is a method of getting a large number of ideas from a group of people in a short time.It can be used for generating a large number of ideas or solutions for well-defined strategic or operational problems, such as for engineering design processes. It forms also a basic framework or constitutes the initial phase for the implementation of many other groups based on creative techniques. Brainstorming sessions take place in a group of 6-10 people. The presence of a leader is necessary to stimulate the generation of ideas, as well as a preparation phase to gather the necessary data and information to approach the problem. A recorder imports the problem statement and the idea generated by the group on a washrag board.Several guid elines for brainstorming are available, such as suspend judgement, free wheel, quantity, and crossfertilise. The whole process takes normally one hour and can be conducted through several(prenominal) stages. The session begins with stating the problem and calling for solutions by the leader. The following stages can be restate the problem in the form of How to, select a basic restatement and write it down as In how many ways can we, warm-up session, brainstorming, and identify wildest idea. An evaluation method is additionally used for to identify the ideas that have a value for implementation.The four basic rules of brainstorming are a) no criticism and no prior judgement of any idea, b) all ideas, INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 8 even the absurd, are welcome, c) quantity has value, the more ideas the better, if a large quantity of ideas is generated, whence the idea pool very likely would contain high-quality ideas, d) sharing and compounding ideas, and constructing ideas based on those developed by other members of the group for producing new ideas. See Osborne (1963), Rawlinson (1981), Chen (1998), Higgins (1996), European Commission (1998).See also Annex, Table 2 Brainstorming phases. A special type of brainstorming tool is PMI in which the participants are directed to brainstorm the Plus points, then the Minus points and finally the Interesting points (De Bono 1992, 1993). link to brainstorming, which is characterised by verbal communication, is also the hand- compose communication as a brain-writing technique. The process is that ideas generated by individuals are written down on a humans of paper, and then exchanged and combined with those of the other individuals in the group.Written ideas are circulated and read by the other participants in the group from from each one one of whom, in turn, write down new ideas. A variation of this hand-written communication is the 6-3-5 method in which each of the 6 participants in the group gener ates and writes 3 ideas related to the problem on a piece of paper in 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, each participant passes the piece of paper to the person on the right, who reads it and adds 3 new ideas in 5 minutes. The process continues until each participant gets the original piece of paper back (European Commission 1998).Electronic brainstorming is also a hand-written communication technique, which employ computerised programs to achieve brainstorming. Story boarding It is a creativity technique for strategic and scenario planning based on brainstorming and used mainly by groups. It requires a leader, a writing table and takes place in a group of 8-12 people. The leader arranges the ideas generated by brainstorming in a logical order on a white board creating a story. This technique allows identify the interconnections of ideas and how all the pieces fit together.It can be used to identify issues, problems, solve a complex problem and determine ways to implement solutions. The s tory boarding process includes four phases a) planning, b) ideas, c) organisation and d) communication. Each phase includes a creative session (it takes 45 minutes) and a critical session, in which participants critique their story board. The planning phase begins with the problem definition or the issue being examined the topic header. Purpose header, a miscellaneous towboat and other, normally 1012, headers ( tug titles) are laced and brainstormed in order to give Ideas and then items, which are listed under the headers (the purpose header is listed first). The second phase the ideas board, is to take one column from the planning board, which becomes the topic header and the items of that column become headers of new ideas. In the third phase the organisation board, participants identify who is responsible for implementing chosen solutions, what has to happen, and when. In the croak phase the communication board, participants identify who must communicate with for all of the events identified in the organisation board to take place.Through the process, visual graphics to summarise or present relevant points are presented by the leader. These might be strategic models, places or things (Higgins 1996). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 9 Lotus Blossom This technique can also be used in scenario planning and is very useful for forecasting strategic scenarios. It is designed for groups and is used to provide a more in-depth sort at various solutions to problems. It begins with a central core idea surrounded by eight empty boxes or circles. Using brainstorming, eight additional ideas (solutions or issues) are written in these boxes.In the next step, each of these eight ideas becomes the core of another set of eight surrounding empty boxes, which are filled in by new ideas using brainstorming. The process continues until a satisfactory solution or a sufficient number of ideas have emerged (Higgins 1996). See Annex, Figure 1 Lotus blossom sample . Checklists This creative technique is used mainly for product improvement or modification. It involves applying a series of words, verbs, adjectives or phrases contained in checklists or tables to an existing product or service or its attributes.Osborns Checklist is the best known and includes the verbs put to other uses, adapt, modify, magnify, minify, substitute, rearrange, reverse and combine. Each verb contains also an expanded definition in the form of questions. For example, the description of the verb substitute is Who else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? Other material? Other process? Other power? Other place? Other approach? Other tone of voice? (Osborn 1963). The method is to apply each of the verbs and its expanded description to a product or service. See Annex, Table 3 Osborns checklist).Another checklist technique is Van Gundys PICL (product improvement checklist). Used in the same way as Osborns list, gives many options containing 792 words, some(preno minal) standard and unique, that can be applied to existing products or services, and 102 stimulation questions (Van Gundy 1988, 1993). Morphological Analysis This method is another product improvement technique, permitting the in-depth analysis of products or processes. It involves applying a set of words to an item another set of words. nonemally, one set of words is verbs and the other set are attributes of the product.Another way is that one set of words would be components of the product (breaking the product down into its parts) and the other set of words would be alternative solutions. The method is to combine each word of one set with each word of the other set. These two sets of words result in a two-dimensional matrix. A three dimensional matrix can be created by adding a third list of factors. The difficulty of this technique is the large number of ideas deriving of the multiple combinations that can be made (Higgins 1996, European Commission 1998).Mapping Process The us e of maps is particularly useful in strategic management thinking in organisations, helping to organise discontinuities, contradictions or differences, and bring pattern, order and sense to a confusing situation, acting as a spatial type of a perspective. There are many forms of mapping, including computer-based tools to support mapping hear Mapping It is an individual brainstorming mapping technique designed by Tony Buzan. It begins with a central focal point, a problem, an object, a name or issue, written inINNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 10 the centre of a piece of paper with a circle around it. Each major facet of the problem or the solution to the problem originating from the central idea is then brainstorming in order to generate new ideas. Each of those ideas are then written on lines drowned outward from the circle. The next step is to brainstorm those ideas in order to identify issues related to the problem, or solutions that are written on smaller lines that are drowned on the prime lines forming a branch.Additional perspectives such as implementation factors or further definition of the solutions could go on those lines. One branch may also be chosen in order to develop a whole new mind map based on that branch. When a mind map is completed, its possible interrelations and possible multiple appearances of issues, and its overall meaning in the context of the problem must be examined (Buzan 1983). Mapping for generate collective creativity The use of maps to support collective creativity is a more complicate process.It is necessary to introduce appropriate maps into a suitable type of organisation that would preferably be one employing multidisciplinary teams. It is also important that the participants find the maps useful for organising and planning their work. The mapping process usually involves three phases 1st phase starts with a brainstorming exercise in order to initiate a discussion around the problem or the product. nonemall y, the participants are asked to mention all aspects they regard as relevant to the problem to be dealt with.During this process a large number of visual references are used to elicit the perspectives of the members with regard to the potential new concept. It is emphasised to the participants that the maps are intended to ameliorate the conversation, and should not be perceived as representations of the concept itself, but more as the semantic terrain or space, which covers all potential strategies. The knowledge elicited is discussed, and in about 2 hours is organised and structured by the participants into a map that intuitively understand.This map is the initial cognitive map, which describes all the problematic areas in truncated outlines. In the 2nd phase of the process, which serves to expose the individual participants perspective both to themselves and to the other members of the group, the participants discuss the values that they associate with a very large range of obj ects and images. A number of these images are then selected that are considered to metaphorically represent potential aspects of the product strategy.In the 3rd phase, these images and appropriate annotations are arranged in a twodimensional space, positioning the images depending upon how the values of these objects relate to one another. In doing this, the group is mapping out a terrain constituted by the differences between the images, expressing the range of different product strategies open to the group (Fentem, Dumas & McDonnell 1998). For creating maps, many software applications are available (see further down in computer-based creativity techniques).The Excursion Technique Is a very useful technique for forcing a group to have new thought patterns to formulate strategies. The process involves five steps (see Higgins 1996) In the 1st step the excursion the consultant asks participants to take an imaginary excursion to a physical location (a museum, a jungle, a city, anothe r planet, etc. ), which INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 11 has nothing to do with the real problem. After the excursion each participant writes down 8-10 images, which he/she saw during the journey (things, people, places or items) in the 1st of 3 columns.In the 2nd step, the consultant asks participants to draw analogies or express relationships between what they saw on the excursion and the problem as defined, and to write them in the column 2 next to each of the items identified in the first column. In the 3rd step, participants are asked to determine what solutions to their problems are suggested by the analogies or the relationships in column 2, and write them in column 3 beside the items and analogies identified in the other columns. In the 4th step, participants share their xperiences from the excursion what they saw, their analogies and their solutions. In the 5th step, as with brainstorming, participants may discuss on each others ideas. Eventually the leader he lps the group come to a common solution or a set of solutions to the problem. Computer-based creativity techniques Computer-based supporting techniques to stimulate the human creative process have an immediate and pragmatic aim, which is the implementation of computational models (computer software) for generate and organise ideas for creative work.They are used more oftentimes in research planning, product design, knowledge acquisition, decisionmaking, motivation, etc. We can distinguish groups of computerised creativity techniques, such as AI models, Idea Processors systems and visualisation and graphical systems. AI (artificial intelligence) models of creativity AI deals with solving non-quantified, unstructured problems. Its task is about knowledge representation and reasoning and to built intelligent, rational, and autonomous agents. Current AI models of creativity involve different types and appropriate techniques of supporting the generation of new ideas.According to Margare t Boden (1998), in respect to the three types of creativity, there are also three main types of computer models that involve a) The stimulation of the combination of ideas, mainly by using analogies in the sense that associated ideas shares some inherent conceptual structure. b) The exploration of structured concepts, so that novel and unhoped ideas result. It requires considerable humanity-expertise and analytical power to define the conceptual space and to specify procedures that enable its potential to be explored. ) The transformation of a problem, so that new structures can be generated which could not have arisen before. New solutions to a problem can be created with transforming a problem into a new problem, solve the new problem and then adapting the solution back to the original problem. AI employs symbolic approaches for creative problem solving and includes stimulus such as heuristics, search, weak methods, knowledge representation and reasoning to facilitate problem st ructuring and idea generation. The focus of AI creativity techniques in the form of computerised programs, is to help exploiters to take a fresh look at roblems by guiding what may be a users otherwise undisciplined intuition through a series of INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 12 problem-solving exercises, and to think in non-linear et non-logical ways. The main advantage of computerised, guided problem solving is that the programs prompt a user for ideas in a thorough manner. new-fangled programs of AI include also knowledge-based approaches, using large-scale databases and narrative systems (Chen 1998). AI researches have also developed efficient search algorithms for problem solving.Some AI programs of creativity are The Copycat program that looks for analogies between alphabetic letter-strings (Hofstadter, FARG 1995, Mitchell 1993). The EURISKO program a transformational system with also an exploratory process that can be applied to a wide range of domains. The AARON program for exploring line drawing in particular styles and colouring (McCorduck 1991). The BACON program of exploratory AI-creativity designed to model scientific discovery (Langley, Simon, Bradshaw and Zytkow 1987).Idea Processors software Idea processors have a close relationship with artificial intelligence and use many artificial intelligence techniques. Idea processors are normally software packages developed for personal computers or workstations. They are used for idea generation and organisation in some specific stages of problem solving acting as knowledge-support systems (Chen 1998). In order to assist the human thinking, idea processors usually perform extensive search in large databases, knowledge bases, or text bases. For many idea processors the electronic brainstorming is the most important technique to generate ideas.The use of computer programs helps to de-structure and then to restructure thinking in a different way. The Idea Generator Plus program provide seven components to the user, that permit to go through a step-by-step problem analysis and solution finding process examine similar situations, examine metaphors, examine other perspectives, focus on goals, reverse the goals, focus on the people involved, and make the most of the ideas (Nirenberg 1985). In another program, the IdeaFisher, using hypertext databases from Fisher Idea Systems Inc. , all entries in the database are cross-referenced by concept and association.It uses a giant cross-referenced text base of words and phrases representing concepts and images intensify by a series of questions (see also spatial hypertext systems). The program also allows to generate new ideas based on combination of words by creating a list of people, animals, verbs, adjectives and phrases that are associated with the combination of two words that a user choose. Some other programs related to an idea processor are The Ideatree system with an exploratory focus, linking laterally or hierarchic ally concepts that exist into the idea-boxes of the program.The Emergent Media Environment (EME), an interactive computer system that integrates facilities for supporting the generation, collection, organisation and presentation of ideas and advises about the divergence and convergence of the ideas. The GENI (GENerating Ideas) experimental system incorporates a variety of techniques to assist in making different types of connections internal connections (between elements of the focal problem itself) and external connections (between the focal problem and external factors). INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 13There are also many idea processors programmes available on the Internet (most of them are commercial products) including the following http/ideaprocessor. citi. doc. ca http/www. maxthink. com http/www. ozemail. com. au http/www. inspiration. com http/www. signet. com. sg/axon2000 Visualisation and graphical systems Computer support methods, such as visualisation of d ata and graphical techniques for marking up visual phenomena and expressing knowledge about data in rule form, are also available. Visualisation of data and graphical techniques are very important to support creativity.They involve working with visual data such as images, drawings, sketches, diagrams, charts, graphs, graphical objects, that are specific to the domain, and they take the form of expressing ideas and concepts through sketching, annotation and examining multiple or alternative views of the same data, all of which varies according to the domain of interest. There are many such systems giving various opportunities to the users. A visualisation system, the Inspiration (from Inspiration Inc. ) provides a blank canvas in which the user can quickly record and arrange ideas as they occur and allows a visual approach to organising thoughts.The system can also change the relationship between ideas and connect related ideas by dragging kinks between them to create a graphical map of the users thinking. Another visualisation system is Axon 200 used for creating complex flowcharts or concept diagrams and describes how different factors or events influence each other. It uses checklists and visual attributes such as colour, shape, size, scale position, depth, link and icon. It also creates relationship diagrams, which allow the user to represent multiple relationships between various visual objects on the screen (Chen 1998).Visualisation systems are also very important in design such as the Speech Knowledge Interface (SKI) system that support rapid graphical interaction with visual images, the Vehicle Packager Knowledge Support System (VPKSS) that aid designers at the conceptual stage of the design process (Candy 1997). Spatial representation tools In relation with visualisation systems, there are also computer-based tools, such as computer-based information and communication systems, for supporting representations and creating cognitive maps in two-dimension al spaces.Some representations use a specific notation, others use spatial proximity to indicate the relationship between objects (usually words relating to concepts) in the spaces, and others, used in marketing and design departments called mood boards, use collections of images as metaphors that reflect the quality aspects of the product strategy (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). Kelly Repertory power grid technique is a knowledge elicitation tool used in the marketing, management and expert systems development. It analyses data using principal components analysis (PCA) software and produces a map by plotting the INNOREGIO project Dr E. SefertziCREATIVITY 14 first two components. The map produces a spatial positioning of text with respect to dimensions that are significant or correspond to the personal constructs that the participant member uses to categorise and evaluate the world (Kelly 1955). An Internet version of this tool is Webgrid. Available at http//www. cpsc. ucalgary . ca/ Spatial data Systems These systems have been designed to support creativity by mapping objects (concepts, text objects, design requirements and parameters) into two-dimensional spaces, using various combinations of knowledge processing and multivariate statistical analysis techniques.Users can also select an area of this space and to create a new space by reprocessing using principal components analysis (PCA) only the data associated with the objects lying within this subspace (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). For example, one of these systems searches research papers for the oftenness of certain keywords and uses a type of PCA to analyse the results of this search and represent these keywords and the papers within a common twodimensional space (Sugimoto, Hori, Ohsuga 1996). Another system named En Passant 2 stores researchers notes and triggers to recall and to reconsider.The users can browse their notes and view relations among them interactively (Aihara, Hori 1998). Sp atial hypertext systems These systems have been designed for the exploration of alternative structures for content, and applications in which the domain structure is not well understood at the outset, or changes during the course of a task. In spatial hypertext, the links between nodes are conveyed implicitly by arranging the nodes in the space. Nodes appear in different contexts through multiple spatial references to the same underling content (Marshall and Shipman 1995).The users are presented with a window that acts as a work- space in which they organise their material. The nodes arranged in the space represent links to familiar objects such as documents, images, comments, and links to WWW hypertext pages, sum total more unique structures known as composites and collections. Marshall and Shipmans VIKI spatial hypertext system, for example, was designed to support new product development, helping teams to make sense of the many diverse kinds of business-related material relevan t to the new product, by assisting them in arranging it spatially. 4BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES (1) Aihara, K. , Hori, K. (1998), Enhancing creativity through reorganising mental space concealed in a research notes stack, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 11, pp. 469-478. Arlington, S. (1997), Accelerating drug discovery creating the right environment, drug Discovery Today, Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 547-553. Boden, M. A. (1998), Creativity and artificial intelligence, Artificial Intelligence, No. 103, pp. 347-356. Bullinger, H. J. (1999), Turbulent times require creative thinking new European concepts in production management, Int. J. Production Economics, No. 0-81, pp. 9-27. Buzan, T. (1983) Use Both Sides of Your Brain, Dutton, New York. (2) (3) (4) (5) INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 15 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Candy, L. (1997), Computers and creativity support knowledge, visualisation and collaboration, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 10, pp. 3-13. Chen, Z. (19 98), Toward a better understanding of idea processors, Information and Software Technology, No. 40, pp. 541-553. De Bono, E. (1992), Serious Creativity, Harper Collins, London. De Bono, E. (1993), De Bonos Thinking Course, Facts and on File, New York. t ogilvie (1998), imaginative action as a dynamic strategy using imagination to improve strategic solutions in unstable environments, Journal of Business Research, No. 41, pp. 49-56. European Commission (1998), Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, Luxembourg. Fentem, A. C. , Dumas, A. , McDonnell, J. (1998), Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 11, pp. 417-428. Hall, D. J. (1996), The role of creativity within best practice manufacturing, Technovation, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 115-121. Higgins, J. M. (1996), Innovate or thaw creative techniques for strategists, Long Range Planning, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 370-380. Higgins, J. M. (1994), 101 Creative Problem Solving Techniques the Handbook of New Ideas for Business, The N ew Management Publishing Company, Florida. (16) Higgins, L. F. (1999), Applying principles of creativity management to marketing research efforts in high-technology markets, Industrial Marketing Management, No. 28, pp. 305-317. (17) Hofstadter, D. R. , FARG (1995), Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought, Basic Books, New York. (18) Kelly, G. A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Norton. (19) Langley, P. , Simon, H.A. , Bradshaw, G. L. and Zytkow, J. M. (1987), scientific Discovery Computational Explorations of the Creative Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (20) McCorduck, P. (1991), Aarons Code, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA. (21) Mansfield, R. S. , Busse, T. V. and Krepelka, E. G. (1978), The effectiveness of creative training Review of Educational Research, Vol. 48, No 4, pp. 517-536. (22) Marshall, C. C. , Shipman, F. M. (1995), Spatial hypertext designing for change, Communication of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 88-97. (23) Miller, W. (1986), The Creative Edge, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. (24) Mitchell, M. 1993), Analogy-Making as Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (25) Newell, A. and Shaw, J. C. (1972), The process of creative thinking, in A. Newell and H. A. Simon (eds), Human Problem Solving, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 144-174. (26) Nirenberg, G. (1985), The Idea Generator, Experience in Software, Berkeley, CA. (27) Osborne, A. F. (1963), Applied Imagination Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking, 3rd ed. , Scribner, New York. (28) Parnes, S. J. and Brunelle, E. A. (1967), The literature of creativity, Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 52-104. (29) Rose, L. H. and Lin, H. T. 1984), A meta-analysis of long-term creativity training programs, Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 18, No 1, pp. 11-22. (30) Rawlinson, J. G. (1981) Creative Thinking and Brainstorming, Gower, UK. (31) Schlange, L. E. , and Juttner, U. (1997), Helping managers to identif y the key strategic issues, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 777-786. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 16 (32) Sugimoto, M. , Hori, K. , Ohsuga, S. (1996) A system to visualise different viewpoints for supporting researches creativity, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 9, pp. 369-376. (33) Taylor, C. W. (1972), Can organisations be creative, too? , in C. W. Taylor (ed. ), Climates for Creativity, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 1-15. (34) Van Gundy, Jr. A. B. (1988), Product improvement check list, New Product Development Newsletter, New Jersay. (35) Van Gundy, A. B. Jr. (1993), Techniques of Structured Problem Solving, Chapman & Hall, London. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 17 Annexes Table 1 Stimulus to extend perspectives to approach a problem List the elements that would bring on success. List the elements that we visualise as failure. Visualise success seen from the viewpoint of fifty years from now.Visualise success seen from the perspectiv e of one hundred years ago. Look for impossible and desirable ideas. Create analogies with other things that have been successful. Imagine and write down ideas that are wild, illegal, crazy, etc. wrap the problem from its present scenario to a totally different scenario. Return from the fantasy scenario to the present scenario and try to associate the ideas generated in the fantasy scenario, with ideas that might apply to the real problem. Imagine what people we admire would say. Search for pairs of ideas that are apparently unconnected and that can be associated by a third.Imagine that everything exists and all we have to do is find it. Change the level on which the problem is approached. Source European Commission, Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. Table 2 Brainstorming Phases Phase Orientation Preparation Warm-up Production of ideas Application Define the problem to be studied for the participants, clarify the rules of the game. Gather data and information necessary to approach the problem in an efficient manner. Carry -out the exercise redefine a problem different from the one to be studied, experiment with it for a few minutes.Generate the utmost of ideas without prior judgement always ask what else quantity of ideas is quality no limits no criticise modify others ideas to produce new ones. permit the subconscious work. Gather the ideas generated analyse them work with logical thinking. Evaluate the ideas gathered and analysed develop and combine them before proceeding to put them in practice. Incubation Syntheses military rank Source European Commission, Innovation Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 18 Table 3 Osborns Checklist Question charge to other uses?Adapt? Description New ways to use as is? Other uses if modified? What else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Does past snap parallel? What could I copy? Whom could I emulate? New twist? Change meaning, colour, motion, sound, odour, form, shape? Other changes? What to add? More time? Greater frequency? Stronger? Higher? Longer? Thicker? Extra value? Plus ingredient? Duplicate? Multiply? Exaggerate? What to subtract? Smaller? Condensed? Miniature? Lower? Shorter? Lighter? ask out? Streamline? Split up? Understate? Who else instead? What else instead? Other ingredient? Other Material? Other process? Other power?Other place? Other approach? Other tone of voice? Interchange components? Other pattern? Other layout? Other sequence? Transpose cause and effect? Change pace? Change schedule? Transpose positive and negative? How about opposites? Turn it backward? Turn it upside down? Reverse role? Change shoes? Turn tables? Turn other cheek? How about a blend, an alloy, an assortment, an ensemble? Combine units? Combine purposes? Combine appeals? Combine ideas? Modify? set off? Minify? Substitute? Rearrange ? Reverse? Combine? Source J. M. Higgins, Innovate or evaporate creative techniques for strategists, Long Range Planning, Vol. 9, No 3, pp. 370-380, 1996 (reprinted from Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination, Charles Scribners & Sons, Inc. , New York). Figure 1 Lotus blossom sample INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 19 1 by packaging 4 smaller / bigger 6 other material 2 by design A product differenti ation 7 change color 3 other uses 5 plus ingredient 8 change meaning A product differentiati on D lower cost F supply flexibility B product quality core idea increase product consumption G product credibility C customer needs E service quality H competitors product strategies B C D E F G H INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi